Terpenes: Properties, Uses and Health Benefits

Terpenes are compounds that give aroma to plants and have important therapeutic benefits. In this article you will discover what they are, their uses and their health benefits.

Key Points

• Terpenes are organic compounds present in many plants, including cannabis, and possess therapeutic properties that contribute to well-being and health.
• The entourage effect phenomenon shows how terpenes and cannabinoids can work synergistically to enhance the therapeutic effectiveness of cannabis.
• Terpenes have multiple industrial applications, from the food industry to cleaning products and cosmetics, thanks to their unique properties and versatility.

What are terpenes?

Terpenes are organic compounds that have a characteristic aroma and are volatile. They can be found in many plants, including cannabis. These compounds are responsible for the characteristic aroma and flavor of each plant. But their importance goes beyond the senses; terpenes also possess therapeutic properties that make them valuable in the field of health and wellness.

In plants, terpenes act as defense agents, protecting them from pests and diseases. In the case of cannabis, these substances are produced and stored mainly in the trichomes, the small resinous glands that also produce cannabinoids. Terpene production can vary significantly depending on genetic and environmental factors, resulting in a wide variety of terpene profiles in different strains of cannabis.

In addition, terpenes are a class of hydrocarbon compounds, and when they contain oxygen they are called terpenoids. In the plant kingdom, more than 20,000 types of terpenes have been identified, underscoring their diversity and ubiquity. Terpenes are part of the secondary metabolites in plants, and these compounds also include flavonoids and other important compounds. In the Cannabis sativa plant, these compounds can be classified into several groups, each with its specific characteristics and unique effects.

Chemical structure of terpenes

The chemical structure of terpenes is based on isoprene units, which are building blocks of five carbon atoms. These compounds are arranged in various configurations to form a multitude of terpenes with different properties and functions. The biosynthesis of terpenes involves the joining of these isoprene units into a chain, creating a variety of structures ranging from simple monoterpenes to complex diterpenes and triterpenes.

Terpenes are classified according to the number of isoprene units in their structure. For example, monoterpenes consist of two isoprene units, while sesquiterpenes contain three or more units.

This classification not only influences the chemical and physical properties of terpenes, but also their therapeutic effects and their role in plants. The complexity and diversity of these molecules make terpenes a fascinating area of study in organic chemistry and phytotherapy.

Major terpenes in the cannabis plant

Within the vast family of terpenes, several stand out for their prevalence and properties in the cannabis plant. The most common terpenes found in cannabis include:

• Pinene
• Myrcene
• Limonene
• Linalool

Each of these terpenes contributes a unique set of characteristics and benefits, making each strain of cannabis have a distinctive aromatic and therapeutic profile.

Pinene

Pinene is a terpene commonly found in plants such as conifers, and is responsible for the characteristic odor of pine trees. This compound can also be found in pine resins, as well as in herbs such as:

• basil
• dill
• rosemary
• parsley

In plants, pinene has a protective function against insects and pests, acting as a natural defensive agent.

In addition to its functions in plants, pinene has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, making it an interesting compound from a therapeutic point of view.

One of the most outstanding characteristics of pinene is its ability to interact with THC, partly counteracting its effects and modulating its impact on the human body. This interaction can be beneficial for those seeking the therapeutic effects of THC without experiencing its full psychoactivity.

Myrcene

Myrcene is another prominent terpene in cannabis, known for its properties:

• analgesic
• anti-inflammatory
• antibiotic
• relaxing
• sedative

This compound is especially prevalent in indica strains of cannabis and is responsible for inducing a feeling of deep relaxation and calm.

Myrcene also has the ability to increase the psychoactive potential of THC, which can intensify the effects of the herb. This terpene is not only found in cannabis, but also in some fruits such as mango, which can increase the intensity of the effects when combined with cannabis.

This ability to enhance the cannabis experience makes myrcene a valuable component for those looking to maximize the therapeutic and recreational benefits of the plant.

Limonene

Limonene is a major component of citrus essential oil and is widely distributed in nature. It is commonly found in the peels of fruits such as:

• mint
• juniper
• rosemary
• citrus fruits

It is characterized by its pungent citrus aroma, similar to that of lime or orange. This terpene is used as a flavoring in the food and pharmaceutical industry due to its attractive aroma and flavor.

In addition to its industrial applications, limonene has antidepressant, anti-inflammatory and anxiolytic effects. These therapeutic benefits make limonene a valuable component in wellness and health products, contributing to mood enhancement and stress reduction. Limonene is also being studied for its potential in the treatment of different types of cancer.

Linalool

Linalool is a terpene with a characteristic floral aroma, reminiscent of lavender. This compound is known for its relaxing effects, making it an ally for those seeking to relieve stress and promote better sleep quality. Linalool has also been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties, helping to reduce lung and other types of inflammation in the body.

In animal tests, it has been observed that linalool can significantly reduce activity, further enhancing its sedative effects. Increasing the rates of linalool in a cannabis plant can make it more sedative, providing a therapeutic option for those seeking relief from anxiety and insomnia.

The Entourage Effect

The entourage effect is a fascinating phenomenon where terpenes and cannabinoids work together to enhance the therapeutic effects of cannabis. This synergy implies that terpenes not only provide aroma, but also modify the action of cannabinoids and their interaction with the endocannabinoid system. This complex and harmonious interaction between the different compounds increases the effectiveness of cannabis in the treatment of various health conditions.

For example, it has been shown that combining terpenes such as linalool and limonene with CBD can amplify its anxiolytic effects. Similarly, caryophyllene and myrcene enhance sleep and may potentiate the effects of other cannabinoids such as THC and CBD.

This phenomenon underscores the importance of considering the full terpene and cannabinoid profiles in cannabis products to maximize their therapeutic benefits.

Relationship between terpenes and CBD

The relationship between terpenes and CBD is critical to understanding how these compounds work together in the cannabis plant. Terpenes, which are aromatic and volatile organic compounds, are found in the resin of the cannabis plant and are responsible for its distinctive aroma and flavor. On the other hand, CBD (cannabidiol) is a non-psychoactive cannabinoid that is also found in the cannabis plant and is known for its multiple therapeutic benefits.

Therapeutic benefits of terpenes

Terpenes offer a wide range of therapeutic benefits that make them valuable in modern and traditional medicine. One of the most prominent benefits is their antibacterial ability. For example, pinene has antibiotic and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as being a bronchodilator at low concentrations. These compounds can help fight resistant bacterial strains such as MRSA, providing a natural and effective solution against difficult-to-treat infections.

In addition to their antimicrobial properties, many terpenes also possess anti-inflammatory effects. For example, myrcene, known for its sedative properties, can improve sleep quality and help relieve pain. Other terpenes such as limonene have anxiolytic and antidepressant properties, increasing serotonin and dopamine levels in the brain, which contributes to mood enhancement and stress reduction. Flavonoids, like terpenes, have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that may help in the prevention of diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disease.

The use of terpenes in traditional medicine dates back centuries, when they were valued for their healing and analgesic properties. Today, modern science continues to discover new functions and benefits of these compounds, such as their potential to modulate neurotransmitters like glutamate and GABA, and their anticonvulsant properties.

These findings reinforce the value of terpenes in the treatment of a variety of diseases and health conditions.

Uses of Terpenes in CBD Products

In CBD products, terpenes play a crucial role in enhancing the quality and effectiveness of CBD. These compounds can influence the way the body processes CBD, enhancing its absorption and increasing its bioavailability. For example, limonene is used in dermal patch formulations to enhance the transdermal absorption of the drug, demonstrating its ability to increase the efficacy of CBD products.

In addition, terpenes are added to cosmetic products such as creams and lotions not only for their pleasant aroma, but also for their therapeutic benefits.

In aromatherapy, terpenes are used to influence mood and general well-being, bringing a pleasant aroma to CBD products. The presence of terpenes in these products allows for different effects and therapeutic properties, enhancing the benefits of CBD and offering customized solutions for various health needs.

Growing terpene-rich cannabis plants

Living organisms are composed primarily of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen, and carbons play a crucial role in the formation of biomolecules.

To grow cannabis plants rich in terpenes, it is essential to select seeds from strains specifically developed for the production of these compounds. Using quality soil rich in nutrients is also associated with better flavor and aroma in cannabis buds. In addition, exposing plants to UV-B light during the flowering phase can increase the production of trichomes, which are rich in terpenes.

Proper temperature management also plays a crucial role. Here are some techniques that can help:

1. Reducing the temperature overnight by about 5°C can stimulate terpene production in plants.
2. Techniques such as low stress training can encourage the growth of more widely spaced main branches, which increases terpene production.
3. Performing a root flush before harvest helps to remove excess nutrients, improving the flavor and aroma of the buds.

Harvesting and post-harvest handling are equally important. Harvesting at the right time is crucial to preserve terpene profiles, as harvesting late can result in the loss of valuable odors and aromas.

Drying and curing marijuana should be done under controlled conditions to ensure preservation of terpenes and enhance flavor. These steps ensure that cannabis plants maintain high levels of terpenes and provide an optimal sensory and therapeutic experience.

Terpene analysis and measurement

The analysis and measurement of terpenes is essential to understand and maximize their therapeutic potential in cannabis plants. Gas chromatography is a widely used reference technique for analyzing the composition of cannabis essential oils. This technique takes advantage of the high volatility of terpenes to accurately separate and identify them. Two analytical methods using non-polar (HP-5) and polar (INNOWAX) columns have been optimized for the identification and quantification of terpenes, achieving good peak separation and high reproducibility.

For routine analysis, the non-polar column method (M1) is recommended due to its shorter run time and high analytical capability. It is crucial to standardize terpene measurement methods in order not to lose highly volatile terpenes and to ensure accurate and consistent results.

The construction of laboratory-specific calibration curves is essential for accurate identification and quantification of these compounds. Using specific spectral libraries or standards helps in the identification of each compound in the chromatogram.

Industrial applications of terpenes

Terpenes have numerous industrial applications due to their unique properties. Here are some of their applications:

1. In the food industry, limonene is used as a flavoring.
2. It also acts as an insect repellent.
3. Its citrus aroma makes it ideal for use in food and beverages.
4. It is used in cleaning products and cosmetics.

These characteristics make terpenes very versatile in various industries.

Linalool, another terpene, is used in cleaning products and has applications as an insecticide, although it is not an effective repellent. Terpenes can be extracted by methods such as steam distillation, which is common in the production of essential oils.

These compounds also act as natural insect repellents, making them useful in pest control products. Myrcene, for example, is a major component in many plants such as hops and mango, and is associated with sedative properties.

These industrial applications demonstrate the versatility and value of terpenes in a variety of sectors.

Summary

In summary, terpenes are aromatic organic compounds that not only contribute aroma and flavor to plants, but also offer a wide range of therapeutic benefits. From their antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties to their anxiolytic and antidepressant effects, terpenes play a crucial role in health and well-being. The synergy between terpenes and cannabinoids, known as the entourage effect, further enhances the therapeutic benefits of cannabis.

Proper cultivation and accurate analysis of terpenes are essential to maximize their potential in CBD products and other industrial applications. From seed selection to post-harvest handling, every step is crucial to preserve and enhance terpene profiles. With growing research and interest in these compounds, terpenes will continue to be an area of great importance in medicine and industry.

Find out more about terpenes: Terpenes in CBD Flowers: Benefits, Uses and Health Properties!

Frequently Asked Questions

What are terpenes?

Terpenes are aromatic and volatile organic compounds present in various plants, which not only contribute to aroma and flavor, but also possess therapeutic properties. Their relevance extends beyond botany, standing out in medicinal applications.

What is the role of terpenes in the cannabis plant?

Terpenes are essential in the cannabis plant, as they enhance the therapeutic effects of cannabinoids through the ‘entourage effect’. Their interaction contributes to a more complete and effective cannabis experience.

What are some benefits of terpenes?

Terpenes offer significant benefits, including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, as well as contributing to mood enhancement and stress reduction. Therefore, their inclusion in different products can be highly advantageous to overall well-being.

Which terpenes are the most common in the cannabis plant?

The most common terpenes in the cannabis plant are pinene, myrcene, limonene and linalool. These compounds not only contribute to the aroma, but can also influence the effects of the plant.

How can terpenes improve CBD products?

Terpenes improve CBD products by increasing their absorption and enhancing their therapeutic benefits, as well as enriching their aroma. This results in a more effective and pleasurable experience for the user.